An ancient oasis kingdom located in modern-day Tashkent, Uzbekistan. It was a crucial stop on the Silk Road, prospering from trade.
In Chinese records, it was known as 'Shi' (็ณ), meaning 'Stone'. Its history is marked by a tragic betrayal in 750 AD when the Tang General Gao Xianzhi broke a peace treaty and launched a surprise attack.
Despite King Chabishi's peaceful surrender, Gao looted the capital and sent the king to Chang'an, where he was executed. This incident enraged Central Asian states and the King's son eventually sought help from the Abbasid Caliphate, leading to the pivotal Battle of Talas in 751.