Born in Mecca in the Quraysh tribe, Muhammad received his first revelation from God (Allah) through the angel Gabriel at the age of 40.
Facing persecution from the Meccan elite for his monotheistic preaching, he migrated to Medina in 622 (the Hijra), marking the beginning of the Islamic calendar.
In Medina, he unified the tribes and established the first Muslim community (Ummah). Over the next decade, he led the Muslims in defense against Meccan attacks (Battles of Badr, Uhud, Trench) and eventually conquered Mecca peacefully in 630.
By the time of his death in 632, most of the Arabian Peninsula had converted to Islam.